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新人文主义的代表性思想家白璧德对杜威教育思想提出了激烈的批评。批评发生的时代背景是美国清教传统的衰落和进步主义的兴起。白璧德批评杜威教育思想中的性善论是一种情感主义和浪漫主义,批评杜威的实用主义教育哲学是一种狭隘的功利主义。白璧德之所以批评杜威,是因为担忧“没有约束的现代性”对现代文明的危害。针对白璧德的批评,杜威基于其一元论的人性观作出了回应,且反过来对白璧德的新人文主义提出了两点批评。我们认为,新人文主义可以从三个方面对杜威的进步主义教育观进行纠偏:纠性善论之偏;纠个性培养之偏;纠功利主义之偏。而且,新人文主义教育有益于充实被现代文化侵蚀的民族道德资本。然而,新人文主义和进步主义有三个方面的共同点:二者都是反清教传统的世俗主义;都提倡实证的批判和实验,赞赏现代个人主义;都放弃了“至高的善”。因此,新人文主义对杜威教育思想的批评是两种灵知主义式的“没有约束的现代性”之间的内斗。
Abstract:Irving Babbitt, a representative thinker of New Humanism, strongly criticized John Dewey's educational thoughts. The background of the criticism was the decline of the American Puritan tradition and the rise of Progressivism. Babbitt criticized Dewey's theory of human goodness in his educational thoughts as a kind of sentimentalism and romanticism, and criticized Dewey's pragmatic educational philosophy as a narrow utilitarianism. Irving Babbitt criticized John Dewey because he was worried about the harm that “modernity without restraint” would do to modern civilization. In response to Babbitt's criticism, Dewey responded based on his monistic view of human nature, and in turn made two criticisms of Babbitt's New Humanism. We believe that New Humanism can correct Dewey's progressive educational view in three aspects: correcting the bias of the theory of human goodness; correcting the bias of individuality cultivation; and correcting the bias of utilitarianism. Moreover, new humanistic education is beneficial to enriching the national moral capital eroded by modern culture. However, New Humanism and Progressivism have three things in common: both are secularisms that are against the Puritan tradition; both advocate positive criticism and experimentation and appreciate modern individualism; and both abandon the “summum bonum”. Therefore, the New Humanism's criticism of Dewey's educational thought is an internal struggle between two types of Gnostic “modernity without restraint”.
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(1)“五讲四美”指“讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德”和“心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美”。(参见:何东昌.中华人民共和国重要教育文献:1976~1990[M].海口:海南出版社,1998:1910.)
(2)天后朱诺是罗马神话中天神朱庇特之妻,集美貌、温柔、慈爱于一身,罗马人称其为“带领孩子看到光明的神祇”。
(3)1934年,杜威指出,“宗教性”不是超自然的东西。(参见:[美]约翰·杜威.杜威全集·晚期著作·第九卷(1933—1934)[M].王新生,朱剑虹,沈诗懿,译.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2015:3-4.)
(4)此条经文出自《大涅槃经》,白璧德翻译的《法句经》第380条经文表达了类似的涵义:“自己是自己的主宰,自身是自身的庇护,因而要调适自己,如同商人调教良马。”(参见:[美]欧文·白璧德.法句经:译自巴利文并附论文《佛陀与西方》[M].聂渡洛,黄东田,译.北京:商务印书馆,2022:185-186.)
(5)杜威在其道德心理学专著《人性与行为》中说:“冲动和习惯而非思想,是行为首要的决定因素。”(参见:Dewey,J.Human Nature and Conduct[A].Boydston,J.A.(Ed.).The Middle Works of John Dewey,1899—1924(vol.14:1922)[C].Carbondale and Edwardsville,IL:Southern Illinois University Press,1983:153.)美国当代学者墨菲(Murray G.Murphey)指出:“认为冲动不是社会中一种邪恶的因素,是一种潜在的建构性因素,这种观点是非常激进的。”(参见:[美]默里·G·墨菲.导言[A].[美]约翰·杜威.杜威全集·中期著作·第14卷:1922[C].罗跃军,译.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2012:12.)
基本信息:
中图分类号:G40-09
引用信息:
[1]涂诗万,张鑫.没有约束的现代性:新人文主义对杜威教育思想的批评[J].全球教育展望,2026,55(01):133-148.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金教育学一般项目“梁漱溟青年教育观研究——以《朝话》为中心的考察”(项目编号:BEA200121)的研究成果
2025-02-19
2025
2025-03-15
2025-03-31
2025
1
2026-01-15
2026-01-15