发展高于问责——芬兰教师评价的实践路径与支持系统Development above Accountability —— Practical Path and Support System of Teacher Evaluation in Finland
刘荣飞
摘要(Abstract):
芬兰教师评价注重发展而相对弱化问责,总体呈现出“发展高于问责”的实践特征,具体体现在评价目的、主体、内容、方法以及结果使用等诸多方面。芬兰发展性教师评价厚植于其支持系统之中,社会基础、治理支撑、校长引领、专业赋能和研究驱动是构成这一系统的五大要素。这启示我们要注重评价的发展导向、提升校长领导与评价能力、提高教师职前培养质量以及促进教师自主合作;更值得关注的是,只有将教师评价改革放在社会发展背景与教育治理体系中,通过各方持续努力、同步推进制度建设和文化培育,才能最终形成良好的评价生态。
关键词(KeyWords): 芬兰;教师评价;发展性评价;实践路径;支持系统
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 刘荣飞
参考文献(References):
- [1][42] 中共中央,国务院.关于全面深化新时代教师队伍建设改革的意见[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-01/31/content_5262659.htm,2018-01-31/2022-08-21.
- [2][37] 经济合作与发展组织.为了更好的学习:教育评价的国际新视野[M].窦卫霖,等,译.上海:上海教育出版社,2019:265,297.
- [3][11] Santiago,P.& Benavides,F.Teacher Evaluation:A Conceptual Framework and Examples of Country Practices[EB/OL].https://www.oecd.org/education/school/44568106.pdf,2009-12-01/ 2022-08-21.
- [4][5][15][18][19][24][39] OECD.Talis 2018 Results (Volume II):Teachers and School Leaders as Valued Professionals[EB/OL].https://doi.org/10.1787/19cf08df-en,2020-03-23/2022-11-13.
- [6] [芬]文德.破解神话:还原真实的芬兰教育[M].刘敏,姚苇依,译.北京:教育科学出版社,2019:57.
- [7] 《产业政策与财政政策》考察团.芬兰九十年代克服经济萧条的经验及其启示[J].财政研究,1999(4):64-66.
- [8] 丁瑞常,刘强.芬兰教育质量监测体系探析[J].比较教育研究,2014(9):54-58.
- [9] Hargreaves,A.& Shirley,D.L.The Fourth Way:The Inspiring Future for Educational Change[M].THOUSAND OAKS,CA:Corwin,2009:72.
- [10] 钱文丹.这就是芬兰教育[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2020:177.
- [12][14] Finlex Data Bank.Basic Education Act 628/1998[EB/OL].https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1998/19980628,1998-08-21/2022-11-13.
- [13] NCEE.Brief on High-performing Systems:Finland[EB/OL].https://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/ Documents/educ/International_Ed_Study_Group_2020/Finland/1.FinlandOverviewNCEE.pdf,2020-10/2022-08-21.
- [16] Newland,E.Case Studies of Teacher Evaluation Systems around the World[EB/OL].https://wmich.edu/sites/default/files/attachments/u445/2017/emr_wps2.pdf,2016-11-01/2022-08-21.
- [17] OECD.Teachers for the 21st Century:Using Evaluation to Improve Teaching[EB/OL].http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264193864-en,2013-04-15/2022-08-21.
- [20] Webb,R.,Vulliamy,G.,H?kkinen,K.,& H?m?l?inen,S.External Inspection or School Self-evaluation?A Comparative Analysis of Policy and Practice in Primary Schools in England and Finland[J].British Educational Research Journal,1998(5):539-556.
- [21][23] Atjonen,P.School-focused Evaluation in Focus—Finnish Teachers' Experiences of Internal and External Evaluation of Schools[J].Nordic Studies in Education,2014(1):279-297.
- [22] Isoré,M.Teacher Evaluation:Current Practices in OECD Countries and Literature Review[EB/OL].https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/223283631428,2009-10-20/2022-08-21.
- [25] Tarhan,H.,Karaman,C.,Kemppinen,L.,& Aerila,J.-A .Understanding Teacher Evaluation in Finland:A Professional Development Framwork[J].Australian Journal of Teacher Education,2019(4):33-50.
- [26] Kuntaty?nantajat,K.T.Tuloksellisuutta Palkkaus J?rjestelm?ll?—Kunnallisen Opetushenkil?st?n Palkkausj?rjestelm?opas[EB/OL].https://www.kt.fi/julkaisut-ja-oppaat/2013/tuloksellisuutta-palkkausjarjestelmalla,2022-08-21.
- [27][28][31][34] 帕斯·萨尔伯格.芬兰道路:世界可以从芬兰教育改革中学到什么(第二版)[M].鲍方越,译.上海:上海教育出版社,2020:196,170-171,113,110.
- [29][32] Hargreaves,A.,Halász,G.,& Pont,B.School Leadership for Systemic Improvement in Finland:A Case Study Report for the OECD Activity Improving School Leadership[EB/OL].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242713926,2022-08-21.
- [30] Hargreaves,A.,Halász,G.,& Pont,B.The Finnish Approach to System Leadership[A].Hopkins,D.,Nusche,D.,& Pont,B.(Eds.).Improving School Leadership (Volume 2):Case Studies on System Leadership[C].Paris:OECD Publishing,2008:69.
- [33] Jouni V?lij?rvi.芬兰研究型教师教育述评[J].陆璟,编译.上海教育科研,2009(1):21-25.
- [35] Haapaniemi,J.,Ven?l?inen,S.,Malin,A.,& Palojoki,P.Teacher Autonomy and Collaboration as Part of Integrative Teaching-Reflections on the Curriculum Approach in Finland[J].Journal of Curriculum Studies,2017(4):546-562.
- [36] 中华人民共和国教育部.关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知[EB/OL].http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A26/s7054/200212/t20021218_78509.html,2002-12-18/2022-08-21.
- [38] 宁波.初中校长的工作时间分配:区域差异与结构特征[J].比较教育学报,2020(1):105-116.
- [40] [德]格尔德·吉仁泽.风险与好的决策[M].北京:中信出版社,2015:409.
- [41] OECD.TALIS 2018 Database,Tables I.4.8[EB/OL].http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933932513,2019-06-21/2022-08-21.
- [43] 中华人民共和国教育部等八部门.关于印发《新时代基础教育强师计划》的通知[EB/OL].http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A10/s7034/202204/t20220413_616644.html,2022-04-11/2022-08-21.
- [44] Hargreaves,A.& Dawe,R.Paths of Professional Development:Contrived Collegiality,Collaborative Culture,and the Case of Peer Coaching[J].Teaching and Teacher Education,1990(3):227-241.
- (1)在K12阶段,芬兰取消了升学考试,只在高中毕业时举行大学入学考试。部分媒体会根据大学入学考试成绩对学校进行排名。
- (2)需要说明的是,芬兰从未接受任何正式评价的教师比例高达40.8%,这在TALIS 2018所调查的国家和经济体中占比最高;而在非正式评价中,以教师自评为基础的年度讨论则是主要评价方式,所以教师自评的占比在芬兰教师评价实践中应会更高。