王羽菲

• 1:北京师范大学教育学部

摘要(Abstract)：

美国生涯与技术教育是为学习者未来的就业与生活做好准备的关键战略，是国家劳动力发展体系的重要组成部分。在劳动力市场重组下的“技能鸿沟”、生涯与技术教育质量有待提升、基于基础效用进一步实施教育战略升级等现实背景下，“为未来做准备”成为近年来美国推动生涯与技术教育实现高质量发展的核心要义与精准定位。为此，美国在生涯与技术教育领域通过衔接中学与中学后教育、构设职业集群、实施学习项目、推动多元主体参与、推广行业认可的学徒制等实践举措来进一步适应全球教育变革与劳动力市场的迫切需要，展现了美国生涯与技术教育改革与发展的新动态。这体现出巩固教育公平性的现实意涵、延展学习者的全周期职业生涯、构建指向能力本位的职业准备系统、重视发挥多元主体协同作用等价值旨归与内生特征。

关键词(KeyWords)： 美国;为未来做准备;生涯与技术教育

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 王羽菲

参考文献(References)：

• [1] Grubb,W.The New Vocationalism:What It Is,What It Could Be[J].Phi Delta Kappan,1996(8):535-538.
• [2] Hagedorn,L.S.College Student Retention:Formula for Student Success[M].Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,2012:81-99.
• [3] Westover,J.Personalized Pathways to Success[J].Leadership,2012(5):12-38.
• [4] David,H.Handbook of Research in Educational Communications and Technology[M].Cham:Springer,2020:465.
• [5] Castellano,M.,Stringfield,S.,& James,R.Secondary Career and Technical Education and Comprehensive School Reform:Implications for Research and Practice[J].Review of Educational Research,2003(2):231-272.
• [6] Elisabeth,H.,Flack,C.,Parham,K.,& Wohlstetter,P.Equity in Secondary Career and Technical Education in the United States:A Theoretical Framework and Systematic Literature Review[J].Review of Educational Research,2021(3):356-396.
• [7] Fletcher,E.,Lasonen,J.& Victor,M.What Is CTE?Practitioners Struggle to Define Their Field in the United States.International Journal of Adult[J].Vocational Education and Technology,2013(1):16-30.
• [8] Elizabeth,S.Career and Technical Education in the Era of College and Career Readiness:Influences on Youth Post-secondary Aspirations in “OAKSBURG,USA” [D].Chicago,IL:University of Chicago,2021:1.
• [9] Hernandez,G.& Victor,M.Voices of Diversity in Emerging Vocationalism:Student Perspectives on School Climate[R].Washington,D.C.:Office of Vocational and Adult Education,1995:20-22.
• [10] Conneely,N.& Hyslop,A.Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE),National Association for State Directors of Career and Technical Education Consortium.CTE:Education for a Strong Economy[R].Alexandria,VA:ACTE,2018:1.
• [11] Malkus,N.The Evolution of Career and Technical Education:1982-2013[R].Washington,D.C.:American Enterprise Institute,2019:3.
• [12] Suffren,Q.& Mezera,D.Building Cross-sector Partnerships to Support Career and Technical Education Pathways:A Playbook for State Policymakers[R].Tallahassee,FL:ExcelinEd.,2018:1-30.
• [13] Fletcher,E.C.& Zirkle,C.The Relationship of High School Curriculum Tracks to Degree Attainment and Occupational Earnings[J].Career and Technical Education Research,2009(2):81-102.
• [14] National Association of State Directors of Career Technical Education Consortium (NASD).Career Technical Education:Learning That Works for America[EB/OL].http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/career-technical-educationlearning-works-america,2021-09-11.
• [15] Ramirez,L.M.Basic Skills and Career Technical Education:A Combination for Student Success[D].Fullerton,CA:California State University,2015:3-5.
• [16] 祁占勇，王羽菲.美国职业教育运行框架与内生诉求——《加强21世纪生涯与技术教育法案》透视[J].比较教育研究，2021(1):35-43.
• [17] 王奕俊，王婧遐.促进劳动力开发与经济转型发展：透视美国职业教育体系改革思路——美国《劳动力创新与机遇法案》述评[J].现代教育管理，2016(10):98-102.
• [18] 汤霓，石伟平.美国振兴先进制造业的职业教育发展战略述评——奥巴马政府《振兴美国先进制造业》战略计划解读[J].高等教育研究，2015(12):51-56.
• [19] 荣艳红.近三十年来美国联邦职业教育立法倾向的变化[J].河北学刊，2014(1):219-222.
• [20] Wirt,J.G.A New Federal Law on Vocational Education:Will Reform Follow?[J].Phi Delta Kappan,1991 (6):424-433.
• [21] Skinner,R.R.& Apling,R.N.The Carl D.Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1998:Background and Implementation[R].Washington D.C.:Congressional Research Service,2005:1-10.
• [22] Hyslop,A.Understanding and Implementing Programs of Study[J].Techniques:Connecting Education & Careers,2012(1):16-19.
• [23] Dortch,C.Carl D.Perkins Career and Technical Education Act of 2006:Background and Performance[R].Washington,D.C.:Department of Education,2012:1-33.
• [24] Castellano,M.,Stringfield,S.,& Stone,J.Career and Technical Education Reforms and Comprehensive School Reforms in High Schools and Community Colleges:Their Impact on Educational Outcomes for At-Risk Youth[R].Academic Persistence,2001:70-87.
• [25] Deluca,S.,Plank,S.,& Estacion,A.Does Career and Technical Education Affect College Enrollment?[EB/OL].http://136.165.122.102/mambo/,2021-06-21.
• [26] Chiefs for Change.Let's Get to Work Learning From Success in Career and Technical Education[EB/OL].https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/resources/lets-get-work-learning-success-career-and-technical-education,2020-06-07.
• [27] Simon,M.,Martin,M.,Joy,P.,et al.Handbook of Vocational Education and Training[M].Cham:Springer,2019:192.
• [28] Hannon,K.Why Older Workers Can't Be Ignored[EB/OL].http://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryhannon/2013/01/25/why-older-workerscant-be-ignored/,2013-01-25/2021-06-18.
• [29] Inyiagu,E.Challenges Facing Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria[J].International Institute for ence Technology & Education,2014:40-45.
• [30] Jennifer,S.CTE:A Working Education [EB/OL].https://www.govtech.com/education/ higher-ed/cte-a-working-education.html,2017-02-21/2021-05-23.
• [31] Education Week.What is Career and Technical Education,Anyway?[EB/OL].https://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/career-technical-education/index.html,2018-07-31/2021-06-01.
• [32] U.S.Department of Education.Career Technical Education[EB/OL].https://www2.ed.gov/print/about/offices/list/ovae/pi/cte/index.html#,2021-07-13.
• [33] American Institute for Research.How Career and Technical Education Can Help Students Be College and Career Ready:A Primer[EB/OL].http://www.air.org/resource/how-career-and-technical-education-can-helpstudents-be-college-and-career-ready-primer,2021-03-11.
• [34] Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE).ACTE Issue Brief:American Competitiveness[R].Alexandra,VA:ACTE,2006:1.
• [35] DeFalco,A.Dewey and Vocational Education:Still Timely?[J] Journal of School & Society,2016(1):54-64.
• [36] National Association of State Directors of Career Technical Education Consortium.CTE Programs of Study[EB/OL].http://www.careertech.org/career-clusters/glance/programsstudy.html,2021-06-04.
• [37] Lewis,M.& Overman,L.State Plans for Implementing Programs of Study:Tech Prep,Career Pathways,and Youth Apprenticeships[J].Career and Technical Education Research,2008 (3):217-226.
• [38] Hyslop,A.Understanding and Implementing Programs of Study[J].Techniques,2012(1):16-19.
• [39] Castellano,M.,Richardson,G.,Sundell,K.,et al.Preparing Students for College and Career in the United States:The Effects of Career-themed Programs of Study on High School Performance[J].Vocations & Learning,2017(1):47-70.
• [40] 岑艺璇.美国新职业主义教育思想探析[J].外国教育研究，2009(6):58-61.
• [41] 周蕾，赵中建.技能危机下的职业教育改革——美国《加强21世纪生涯与技术教育法案》述评[J].职业技术教育，2019(15):67-73.
• [42] 彭跃刚，石伟平.美国现代学徒制的历史演变、运行机制及经验启示——以注册学徒制为例[J].外国教育研究，2017(4):103-114.
• [43] Isabel,S.& Isabella,H.Industry-recognized Apprenticeship Programs vs Registered Apprenticeship Programs[EB/OL].https://www.americanactionforum.org/insight/industry-recognized-apprenticeship-programs-vs-registered-apprenticeship-programs/,2020-11-10/2021-06-21.
• [44] U.S.Department of Labor.U.S.Department of Labor Launches Industry-recognized Apprenticeship Program Standards Recognition Entity Application Portal[EB/OL].https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/eta/eta20200511-0,2020-05-11/2021-07-01.
• [45] 石伟平.STW:世纪之交美国职业教育改革与发展策略的抉择[J].全球教育展望，2001(6):71-76.
• [46] Education & Labor Committee.Members Introduce Bipartisan Bill to Strengthen Career and Technical Education[EB/OL].https://edlabor.house.gov/media/press-releases/strengtheningcte,2018-06-28/2021-06-29.
• [47] 刘旭东.大众化以来美国联邦政府职业教育政策价值取向的历史变迁[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2020(3):129-135.
• [48] 陈秋苹，沈敏.美国职业教育体系化及其启示[J].高校教育管理，2016(1):99-104.
• [49] Prescott,C.A.Education and Work:Toward an Integrated Curriculum Framework[R].Waco,TX:Center for Occupational Research and Development,1996:1-35.
• [50] Imperatore,C.& Hyslop,A.CTE Policy Past,Present,and Future:Driving Forces behind the Evolution of Federal Priorities.[J].Peabody Journal of Education,2017(7):275-290.
• [51] Ashton,D.,Sung,J.,& Turbin,J.Towards a Frame-work for the Comparative Analysis of National Systems of Skill Formation [J].International Journal of Training and Development,2000(4):8-25.
• [52] Barabasch,A.& Rauner,F.Work and Education in America[M].Dordrecht:Springer,2012:139.
• [53] 王辉.美国“升级版”职业教育体系及启示[J].比较教育研究，2016(3):89-95.
• (1)在 2006年的《卡尔·D.帕金斯生涯与技术教育法案》(Carl D.Perkins Career and Technical Education Act of 2006,简称《帕金斯法案Ⅳ》)中,美国将之前的“职业教育”(vocational education)改称为“生涯与技术教育”。基于分析和阐述的方便,本文中将美国职业教育和生涯与技术教育混用。
• (2)早期大学项目的含义与 1965 年《中小学教育法》(the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965)8101节(SEC.8101)所规定的术语相同,即学院预科高中。
• (3)双重或同时入学项目,来源于 1965 年《中小学教育法》8101节。学生可选择双重入学,例如学生在高中时可以参加社区学院课程以获得学分。
• (4)副学士学位是在本科阶段(中学后的第一阶段)进行的学术课程。它旨在为学生提供在他们选择的领域就业或进一步学习所需的基本技术、学术知识以及可转移的技能。
• (5)CTE中的“双学分”,是指为高中学生提供机会,让他们成功完成由经认证的高中教师教授的CTE课程,从而获得大学学分。这一项目,通过高中或学区与学院之间的衔接协议,在高中或技能中心提供课程。社区和技术学院允许获得认证的CTE教师向9—12年级的学生提供相当于大学的CTE课程,以获得高中和大学的双重学分。
• (6)16个职业集群包括:农业和自然资源、建筑与施工、艺术与视听技术、商业与行政、教育和培训、金融、政府和公共行政、健康科学、酒店和旅游、人工服务、信息技术、法律与公共安全、制造业、零售/批发销售和服务、科学研究/工程、运输物流。
• (7)参见:美国行动论坛官网。https://www.americanactionforum.org/insight/industry-recognized-apprenticeship-programs-vs-registered-apprenticeship-programs/,2020-11-10/2021-05-21。